Critics say these tests discriminate, especially against minority students (who have, in fact, registered the largest gains on them over the last 20 years).

In 1982, a Federal court ruled that the department's physical test discriminated against women and ordered the department to devise a new test.

The test has convergent validity but not discriminate validity.

This diagnostic odds ratio is greater than one, so we know that the test is discriminating correctly.

Some atheists have complained that this test may discriminate against non-believers.

Forty women became firefighters in 1982 after a Federal judge ruled that the physical test for applicants discriminated against women.

In 1982, a federal judge ruled that the department's physical test discriminated against women.

But these tests, which are written for native English speakers, discriminate against those who are still learning the language.

In the complex case, an eight-year-old lawsuit asserted that the physical test given to candidates for the Fire Department discriminated against women.

Moreover, there is a substantial body of evidence that the test itself discriminates against women and members of minority groups.