At that time, Brandenburg and Prussia formed a double state ruled in personal union by the House of Hohenzollern.

Under Habsburg rule, a junta (or jointe) was an administrative body ruled in personal union with the Spanish Habsburgs.

In September the same year he accepted and ruled the duchy in personal union since.

These were ruled in personal union by the House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs in the period from 1384 to 1482.

In 1648 the prince-archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish crown.

From 1815-1864 it was ruled in personal union by the Duke of Holstein, being simultaneously King of Denmark.

He then ruled both duchies in personal union and decisively forwarded the development of his estates by the implementation of the primogeniture principle.

As they ruled both duchies in personal union, Opava grew into the Upper Silesian territory.

Both duchies were again ruled in personal union, when Leopold's grandson Frederick V inherited Austria in 1457.

At times the prince-bishops ruled in personal union the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen.