Another major tension was the policy of excluding Criollos, or locally-born whites, from public administration.

But beyond the issue of "religion," the Warrendale residents' broader concern is that the African-centered curriculum excludes whites.

Held in Gary, Indiana, a majority black city, the convention included a diverse group of black activists, although it completely excluded whites.

He agreed with one group of Justices that the challenged program was unlawful because it totally excluded whites from any consideration for the 16 places.

Affirmative action, he said, has been "the only thing in the last 200 years that has excluded whites."

The Ujamaa Institute would not exclude whites, Asians or females.

Using pure colours, he excluded the blacks and whites which had been used for shadows and light before him.

Such taxes excluded poor whites as well as blacks at the turn of the 20th century.

"And they are excluding poor and working-class whites, not just descendants of slaves."

The risk, though, is that such an appeal, fairly or not, can be portrayed as excluding whites.