No other compound has yet been identified that has selective estrogen action and yet also has the ability to be an antagonist of androgen action.

To determine the mechanism of estrogen action, we pretreated the cells with either ICI 182,780 (1 μM or 10 μM) or tamoxifen (100 pM, 1 nM).

Gynecomastia is caused by excessive estrogen actions and is often the result of an increased ratio of estrogen to androgen.

"High calorie diets that are low in fruits and vegetables can induce puberty at an earlier age and facilitate estrogen action on the highly susceptible target organ of the breast," he said.

Pituitary gland - clomifene blocks estrogen action, leading to an increase of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

If estrogen-mediated alteration results from transcriptional regulation, the site of estrogen action is yet to be determined.

Progesterone has been shown to lower the number of estrogen receptors, and thus act as an antagonist to estrogen actions.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) appears to modulate estrogen action in the same way as dong quai.

Medicinal herbs: modulation of estrogen action.