The first two factors change the effective nuclear charge the most loosely held electron feels.

A second approach is to use some theoretical model to calculate effective atomic charges.

Historically, the effective nuclear charge was estimated by Slater's rules.

Therefore, they experience a high effective nuclear charge.

She carries an effective charge in her engine room.

In this case, the effective nuclear charge can be calculated from Coulomb's law.

The effective nuclear charge on such an electron is given by the following equation:

The 12-pounder had fired 222 effective full charges by 1902; at which time both weapons were obsolete and their eventual fate is unknown.

This shows that the other electron somewhat shields the nucleus reducing the effective charge from 2 to 1.69.

He soon found himself in effective charge of a battle group, which was the basic unit of Steiner's force.