By the end of 1990s much of the work in Pirate studies, Pennell notes, could be grouped under three headings: the economics of piracy, the political and ideological importance of piracy, and women pirates.
Key sources on the economics of piracy, documented by Pennell (1998) include the following.
All Apple Gaming Microsoft Gadgets Open Source Business Science Tech Policy Staff SOPA, Internet regulation, and the economics of piracy SOPA blackout spreads across the Internet "Least restrictive means"?