In 1998, he discovered that carbon nanotubes are ballistic conductors at room temperature, meaning that they conduct electrons over relatively large distances without resistance.

This polymer is permeable to protons when it is saturated with water, but it does not conduct electrons.

To explain this, Garaj et al. suggested that the singlet coupling was mediated by conducting electrons.

For fixed voltage, the speed at which the electrons drift remains the same, as does the number density of conducting electrons within the conductor.

But, as the pieces of conductor get thinner, there are fewer TOTAL conducting electrons, so the current decreases, and vice versa.

Electromigration is the transport of material caused by the gradual movement of the ions in a conductor due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms.

So if the metal conducts electrons, then they are squeezed inwards, and the interior would be slightly more negative than the outside.

Like the cathode, it must conduct electrons, with ionic conductivity a definite asset.

Pores allow movement of cations but the membranes do not conduct anions or electrons.

To function, the membrane must conduct hydrogen ions (protons) but not electrons as this would in effect "short circuit" the fuel cell.