This plant is a climax species, occurring in mature forests and tolerant of shade.

It is a climax species in some ecosystems, such as high, exposed ridges.

It is a climax species on frequently flooded lowlands.

It is also considered a climax species in some regions, such as North Dakota.

It needs full light to grow well and tends to shade out weeds so its presence helps climax species to become established.

It recovers rapidly from suppression and is probably a climax species on moist sites.

It is a typical long lived, slow growing and shade tolerant climax species.

The idea of a climax species has been criticized in recent ecological literature.

It is a climax species, occurring in undisturbed plant communities.

It is a typical long-lived (up to 800 years), slow growing and shade tolerant climax species.