windthrow

Similar cycles occur in association with other disturbances such as fire and windthrow.

Red Spruce can be easily damaged by windthrow and acid rain.

When high winds knock down or uproot trees, the process is known as windthrow.

Windthrow can also increase following logging, especially in young forests managed specifically for timber.

In forestry, windthrow refers to trees uprooted or broken by wind.

Windthrow is common in all forested parts of the world that experience storms or high wind speeds.

The church's roof was damaged by windthrow in 1818; it was eventually closed from 1828 to 1830 for repairs.

As Windthrow directly is one mechanism.

Windthrow can also be considered to act as a rejuvenating process whereby regeneration is made possible with new resource availability.

Understory reinitiation: trees die from low level mortality, such as windthrow and diseases.

In the northeast, where fire was infrequent and periodic windthrow represented the main source of disturbance, beech-maple forests dominated.

It can also be done on very exposed sites where breaking the canopy through a traditional thinning operation would expose the stand to a high risk of windthrow.

On poorly drained sites, where competition is not so intense, water hickory grows to fill openings created by windthrow and natural mortality as well as logging.

In the northeastern United States, shade-intolerant trees like pin cherry and aspen quickly fill in forest gaps created by fire or windthrow (or human disturbance).

Additionally, the gap created in the forest canopy when windthrow occurs yields an increase in light, moisture, and nutrient availability in near proximity to the disturbance.

Windthrow can be considered a cataclismic abiotic factor that can generate an entire new chain of seral plant succession in a given area.

Strip clearcut - removal of all the stems in a row (strip), usually placed perpendicular to the prevailing winds in order to minimize the possibility of windthrow.

Concerned that a falling limb or tree might injure a visitor, Forest Service managers decided to bring down dead trees near the memorial trail in a way they believed would mimic natural windthrow.

Clearcutting has also proved to be effective in creating animal habitat and browsing areas, which otherwise would not exist without natural stand-replacing disturbances such as wildfires, large scale windthrow, or avalanches.

Even in a climax community dominated by two types of trees, there can be many different species of trees on the edges of the forest, in windthrow gaps or in microclimates.

A common way of quantifying the risk of windthrow to a forest area is to model the probability or 'return time' of a wind speed that would damage those trees at that location.

Along the 800 m-long path leading through 1.5 ha of woodland devastated by windthrow, the visitor can get an idea of the destruction wrought by Kyrill and also learn something about the new forest now springing up.

Succession may be initiated either by formation of new, unoccupied habitat (e.g., a lava flow or a severe landslide) or by some form of disturbance (e.g. fire, severe windthrow, logging) of an existing community.

The risk of windthrow to a tree is related to the tree's size (height and diameter), the 'sail area' presented by its crown, the anchorage provided by its roots, its exposure to the wind, and the local wind climate.

A secondary forest (or second-growth forest) is a forest or woodland area which has re-grown after a major disturbance such as fire, insect infestation, timber harvest or windthrow, until a long enough period has passed so that the effects of the disturbance are no longer evident.