backwash effect
washback effect

But the development of continuing education must eventually have a backwash effect on initial professional education at the undergraduate stage.

Although most directly affecting secondary schools, this constraint has a backwash effect on primary schools.

This is the so-called backwash effect.

Maybe that's the only time the TruSite II has a backwash effect.

This link may give the APU a more direct backwash effect on the curriculum than the other three mechanisms above.

The effects of the examination on the primary school curriculum, described by Somerset as the 'backwash effect', are massive and on the whole disheartening.

If the backwash effect is less direct in a national testing programme, local programmes, involving blanket testing of all pupils, have the maximum potential to cause an effect.

In reviewing the curriculum backwash effect of the APU, Gipps (1982) reported little evidence of it, and a lack of mechanisms to bring it about.

It says that modular assessment is not necessarily easier, finding that "high stakes end-of-course examinations" risk "backwash effects," such as narrowing the curriculum and teaching to the test.

This aid is continuing to have a backwash effect on Nikunau, while giving rise to increasingly undesirable environmental and social conditions for Kain Nikunau living on Tarawa.

Certain aspects of economic development and the changes associated strongly with the process of urbanisation in India have created a backwash effect for the poorer sections of the urban community,' the report said.

In the USA, NAEP's use of conventional school subjects has been seen as a conservative influence, and the reduction to the 3Rs makes the backwash effect even more acute.

The grade point average and the development of educational testing may in this sense have as much of a backwash effect on the teaching and learning process in the United States as does the public examination system in Britain.

Burstall and Kay report that in the case of NAEP early opposition from teacher unions was partly based upon fear of a backwash effect and, indeed, it appears to have been a worry for those involved with setting up the APU testing programme.

Professor C. W. Valentine of Birmingham, when reviewing a study of the system in the West Riding of Yorkshire, talked of the undesirable backwash effect of the examination, and recommended an intelligence test instead because of its 'reliability and speed of marking'.

It seems the agencies running private schools were making the most of the washback effect, by teaching to the tests.

Because of this 'washback effect', the narrow and often trivial things that tests focus upon, gradually become the very things that schools deliver to their students.

Learner autonomy in the classroom in fact should exert a washback effect on the entire system by creating pressure on the school authorities to gain more autonomy.

It is also worth taking into account how practical a test is to design and administer and how to avoid a washback effect, which may adversely influence teaching.

Another benefit is advocating students' all-round development which gives a more comprehensive picture of individual students' learning needs, as well as fosters the positive washback effects of public examinations.

In her doctoral research, Catherine set out to find some empirical evidence for washback effects on teachers' attitudes and practices following the introduction of the CSWE in the AMEP.