vine culture

They are also commonly used for vine culture, against Plasmopara viticola, responsible for downy mildew or in oïdium treatment.

The vine was the classic example of big vine culture, where vines are trained and pruned to allow the plant to express its natural vigour; rather than forcing a vine into a restricted trellis system by heavy pruning.

The New York State Agricultural Census for 1855 placed Queens County, then consisting of Flushing, Hempstead, Jamaica, Newtown, North Hempstead and Oyster Bay, among the top five counties in vine culture.

The vineyard is spread on a surface of about 2000 hectares (with around 250 hectares renewed every year) and it is situated at an altitude between 200-500 meters, with most of the vineyards set on southern exposure slopes, which makes the sun rays and atmospheric circulation to favor vine cultures.

In addition to agriculture, which (with the exception of the Ussuri Cossacks) sufficed to supply their needs and usually to leave a certain surplus, they carried on extensive cattle and horse breeding, vine culture in the Caucasus, fishing on the Don, the Ural, and the Caspian Sea, hunting, beekeeping etc.