substratal

The substratal elements in the languages are mostly lexical items.

Substratal stromata of S. homoeocarpa showed unusually complex cellular organization.

The language is posited to have substratal influences from Nuragic, Basque, and Etruscan.

The effects of accent, which may or may not have been substratal, together with Norse influence is perhaps the most accepted hypothesis explaining inflexion attrition.

Ubrjatova (1985) suggests that the rule was either reintroduced through Evenki contact, or may be a substratal feature of the Yakut language itself.

In addition, there are other, largely perceptual, issues which are a function of the degree to which the fidelity of the 'substratal world' must be maintained.

The Daur language retains some Khitan substratal features, including a number of lexemes not found in other Mongolic languages.

This typologically extraordinary inventory appears to result from extended contact influence from substratal and superstratal languages, due to long-running bilinguality.

A Greek dialect with a non-Indo-European substratal influence, suggested by M. Sakellariou (1983).

Miju Blench and Post believe the remaining languages with these substratal characteristics are more clearly Sino-Tibetan:

From the 2nd century BC onwards, personal names are attested in Nabataean inscriptions, and Arabic substratal influence can be demonstrated in the Nabataean language.

A group of saprophytic, substratal isolates had thin medullary cell walls and less extracellular matrix, and did not store protein but stored large deposits of lipid in cytoplasm.

A group of phytopathogenic, substratal-stromatal isolates appeared to be transitional, with anatomical features and extensive cytoplasmic protein body reserves suggesting that they produce indeterminate sclerotial stromata rather than true substratal stromata.

The substratum-superstratum distinction becomes awkward when multiple superstrata must be assumed (such as in Papiamentu), when the substratum cannot be identified, or when the presence or the survival of substratal evidence is inferred from mere typological analogies.

This anomaly has led Whistler (cited by Golla 2007:76) to suggest, "The vocabulary distinctive of some of the Delta Yokuts dialects may reflect substratal influence from pre-proto-Yokuts or from an extinct Yok-Utian language."

Wittmann also contributed significantly to the study of other languages, notably languages that are claimed to be substratal to different varieties of Creole French (Ewe, Yoruba, Mande, Bantu, Malagasy, Arawakan, Cariban).

The retroflex consonants are somewhat marginal phonemes, often being conditioned by their phonetic environment; they do not continue a PIE series and are often ascribed by some linguists to the substratal influence of Dravidian or other substrate languages.

As part of comparative studies of stromata in the Sclerotiniaceae, mature sclerotial and substratal stromata produced in vitro by 19 species, and 1 form-species, representing 13 genera and 1 form-genus, were examined using light microscopy and histochemical staining.

As a dialect of Min Dong, Manjiang is very distant from major Chinese varieties such as Mandarin and Cantonese, and displays very significant elements of a substratal indigenous language, perhaps belonging to the Austroasiatic or Tai-Kadai language families.

That there was language-contact between Latin/Vulgar Latin speakers and speakers of indigenous Paleo-Balkan languages in the area is a certainty, however it is not known which Paleo-Balkan language or languages comprise the substratal influence in the Eastern Romance languages.

This theocracy extends over a throng of obedient subjects: twenty-seven thousand billion cells-endowed with a sure if automatic intelligence by which they perform all duties of bodily growths, transformations, and dissolutions-and fifty million substratal thoughts, emotions, and variations of alternating phases in man's consciousness in an average life of sixty years.