retarded potential

These also follow directly from the retarded potentials.

Whitehead's theory of gravity (intended to use only retarded potentials)

Solving these gives the retarded potentials below.

Jefimenko's equations can be found from the retarded potentials φ and A:

For time-dependent fields, the retarded potentials are:

Retarded potentials can also be derived for point charges, and the equations are known as the Liénard-Wiechert potentials.

He had long known that any FTL drive would give rise to both advanced and retarded potentials, similar to those of conventional electromagnetic theory.

In electromagnetism, the Lorenz condition is generally used in calculations of time-dependent electromagnetic fields through retarded potentials.

In 1888, retarded potentials came into general use after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's experiments on electromagnetic waves.

For the fields of general charge distributions, the retarded potentials can be computed and differentiated accordingly to yield Jefimenko's Equations.

The position of the mass that generates the field is called the retarded position and the Liénard-Wiechert potentials are called the retarded potentials.

In electrodynamics, the retarded potentials are the electromagnetic potentials for the electromagnetic field generated by time-varying electric current or charge distributions in the past.

For instance, the traditional electro-static force described by Coulomb's law may be pictured in a simultaneous hyperplane, but relativistic relations of charge and force involve retarded potentials.

Hasselmann does this by showing that the theory produces time reversal invariance at the subatomic level, and posits both advanced and retarded potentials, as proposed by Feynman and Wheeler.

In 1895, a further boost to the theory of retarded potentials came after J. J. Thomson's interpretation of data for electrons (after which investigation into electrical phenomena changed from time-dependent electric charge and electric current distributions over to moving point charges).

T.C. Scott and R.A. Moore demonstrated that the apparent acausality suggested by the presence of advanced Liénard-Wiechert potentials could be removed by recasting the theory in terms of retarded potentials only, without the complications of the absorber idea.

The two null cones overlap in general relativity, which makes tracking the speed-of-gravity effects difficult and requires a special mathematical technique of gravitational retarded potentials, which was worked out by Kopeikin and co-authors but was never properly employed by Asada and/or the other critics.