liquation

There is no evidence of large-scale liquation before Nuremberg.

The first known use of Liquation on a large scale was in Germany in the mid-15th century.

The sophisticated nature of the 15th century liquation plants with custom-made furnaces would be surprising for a new technology.

Liquation is a metallurgical method for separating metals from an ore or alloy.

Also, efficient liquation requires an extremely skilled practitioner.

This consistency is not without reason as the size of the cakes is very important to the smooth running of the liquation process.

Some suggest liquation existed even earlier.

Crucially, however, these texts do not specifically mention lead being used with copper to produce silver, as would be expected for liquation.

Liquation triggered an increase in mining operations, and a new class of wealthy merchants clamoured to participate.

Waste products can be reused to produce new liquation cakes to try and minimise loss of metals, especially silver.

Four years on, Grainger says he has no regret leaving Gretna and left because of the club's financial crisis which led to liquation.

Liquation is first documented in the archives of the municipal foundry in Nuremberg in 1453.

The 'tops' are then drawn off and used to produce copper while the silver-rich 'bottoms' are used in the liquation process.

The copper-lead alloy created can be tapped off and cast into large plano-convex ingots known as 'liquation cakes'.

Some say this shows liquation was being carried out in the Near East as early as the second millennium BC.

Slag was removed by liquation, that is, the solid gangue was converted into liquid slag.

Five liquation plants soon sprang up around the city, and within 15 years had spread throughout Germany, Poland and the Italian Alps.

This is often regarded as the beginning of liquation, but evidence suggests liquation may have existed in smaller-scale use centuries earlier.

Issues such as porosity, solute redistribution, solidification cracking and liquation cracking do not arise during FSW.

The 'exhausted liquation cakes' which still contain some lead and silver are 'dried' in a special furnace which is heated to a higher temperature under oxidising conditions.

The waste products are mostly in the form of liquation thorns from the liquation and the drying process but there are also some slags produced.

Lead production also received a boost, indeed the lack of lead available held the liquation process back until a large lead-bearing seam was discovered at Tarnowitz in Poland.

Theoretically, this could even result in defects due to the liquation of low-melting-point phases (similar to liquation cracking in fusion welds).

John U. Nef, an expert on Renaissance economics, described liquation as 'even more important than the invention of the printing press' for the development of industry during this period.

Some alloys show tendency to liquation, separation of the liquid from the solid portion; for these the heating through the melting range has to be sufficiently fast to avoid this effect.