in-kind benefit

In 2005, Russia transformed most of its in-kind benefits into monetary compensation.

As part of their retirement, top executives have often been given in-kind benefits or "perks" (perquisites).

"If you were looking at in-kind benefits as well as cash benefits, the situation in the U.S. would look even worse," she said.

For it turns out that when Welch retired, he was granted for life the use of a Manhattan apartment (including food, wine and laundry), access to corporate jets and a variety of other in-kind benefits, worth at least $2 million a year.

According to the study, "Black males with college degrees and strong literacy/math skills also are far more likely to marry and live with their children and pay substantially more in taxes to state and national government than they receive in cash and in-kind benefits."

The only exceptions are benefits under Federal programs which, by law, are excluded from consideration; in-kind benefits, such as military on-base housing (but not military housing allowances); certain kinds of assistance for students and irregular income from occasional small jobs such as baby-sitting or lawn mowing.

Although an increasing concentration of market income was the primary force behind growing inequality in the distribution of after-tax household income, shifts in government transfers (cash payments to individuals and estimates of the value of in-kind benefits) and federal taxes also contributed to that increase in inequality.

These days, someone who hires someone else to do a job has been interpreted by some courts to be an "employer" if he or she owns the equipment used on the job and the place where the work is done and provides a significant portion of the hired person's income (including an in-kind benefit like a place to sleep).