"Effectiveness of Arbitral Awards, State Immunity from Execution and Autonomy of State Entities: Three Incompatible Principles", in IAI Series on International Arbitration No. 4, State Entities in International Arbitration, 179 (2008).

Contestants are sometimes awarded an Exemption from execution.

The bill includes some relatively humane provisions, like lethal injection as a method of execution and an exemption from execution for defendants who were under 18 at the time of the crime.

As 20 and 30 prisoners at a time were executed at Abu Ghraib and elsewhere, warders trailed through cities like Baghdad, "selling" exemption from execution to shocked families, according to people in Iraq who said they had spoken to relatives of those involved.

"Effectiveness of Arbitral Awards, State Immunity from Execution and Autonomy of State Entities: Three Incompatible Principles", in IAI Series on International Arbitration No. 4, State Entities in International Arbitration, 179 (2008).