hard error

That was a tough play, a hard error."

To cause a hard error one pulse has to be cancelled and a second pulse inserted in the other half of the bit period.

The study's final conclusion, and the one most at odds with previous studies, is that hard errors dominate soft errors by far.

But then there's hard errors.

A 2010 study at Rochester University also gave evident that a substantial fraction of memory errors are intermittent hard errors.

The researchers suggest that the unexpected dominance of hard errors might explain the drastically higher error rates observed vs. previous studies, which focused on soft errors.

However, forensic imaging software tools have significantly limited ability to deal with drives that have hard errors (which is often the case in data recovery and why the drive was submitted for recovery in the first place).

Depending on timing the half duplex device may sense a late collision, which it will interpret as a hard error rather than a normal consequence of CSMA/CD and will not attempt to resend the frame.