depurination

Depurination is known to play a major role in cancer initiation.

For example, when depurination occurs, this lesion leaves a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base.

AP sites can be formed by spontaneous depurination, but also occur as intermediates in base excision repair.

The depurination event rapidly and completely inactivates the ribosome, resulting in toxicity from inhibited protein synthesis.

More complex compounds containing nucleoside residues, nucleotides and nucleic acids, also suffer from depurination.

Deoxyribonucleosides and their derivatives are substantially more prone to depurination than their corresponding ribonucleoside counterparts.

Depurination is not uncommon because purine is a good leaving group via the 9N-nitrogen (see the structure of a purine).

In cells, one of the main causes of depurination is the presence of endogenous metabolites undergoing chemical reactions.

Upon oxidation with I /water, this side product, possibly via O-N7 migration, undergoes depurination.

When depurination occurs with DNA, it leads to the formation of apurinic site and results in an alteration of the structure.

Cytidine may also become deaminated to uridine at one five-hundredth of the rate of depurination and can result in G to A transition.

The second product of depurination of deoxyribonucleosides and ribonucleosides is sugar, 2'-deoxyribose and ribose, respectively.

In chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides, depurination is one of the major factors limiting the length of synthetic oligonucleotides.

Hydrolytic depurination is one of the principal forms of damage to ancient DNA in fossil or subfossil material, since the base remains unrepaired.

Thermal disruption at elevated temperature increases the rate of depurination (loss of purine bases from the DNA backbone) and single-strand breaks.

These damages may arise from reactive oxygen species (ROS), chemical reactions (e.g. with intercalating agents), radiation, depurination, and deamination.

RNA gels were blotted using the same procedure as DNA gels omitting the depurination, denaturation, and neutralization steps.

Within the active site of RTA, there exist several invariant amino acid residues involved in the depurination of ribosomal RNA.

Some adducts may also result in the depurination of the DNA, it is however uncertain how significant such depurination as caused by the adducts is in generating mutation.

It is worth remembering that conducting detritylation for an extended time or with stronger than recommended solutions of acids leads to depurination of solid support-bound oligonucleotide and thus reduces the yield of the desired full-length product.

Depurination is a chemical reaction of purine deoxyribonucleosides, deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine, and ribonucleosides, adenosine or guanosine, in which the β-N-glycosidic bond is hydrolytically cleaved releasing a nucleic base, adenine or guanine, respectively.

Melting occurs when conditions favor ssDNA; such conditions are high temperature, low salt and high pH (low pH also melts DNA, but since DNA is unstable due to acid depurination, low pH is rarely used).

For example, hydrolytic depurination is seen in the thermophilic bacteria, which grow in hot springs at 40-80 C. The rate of depurination (300 purine residues per genome per generation) is too high in these species to be repaired by normal repair machinery, hence a possibility of an adaptive response cannot be ruled out.