Immediately after the impact, the Earth's mantle was vigorously convecting, the surface was a large magma ocean.

Unlike the previous case, the behaviour of a marginally unstable system and that of a vigorously convecting one do not have an obvious common feature.

Despite its unusual location and wide wind field, the system had a well-defined center convecting around a warm core-the hallmark of a subtropical storm.

Galileos magnetometer failed to detect an internal, intrinsic magnetic field at Io, suggesting that the core is not convecting.

Transient uplift can occur over a thermal anomaly due to convecting anomalously hot mantle, and disappears when convection wanes.

Polar region waters are a place where cold and fresh water melting from sea ice meets warmer, saltier water convecting from lower latitudes.

Hence the cusp was on field lines which were convecting with similar velocity to the closed field lines equatorward of the cusp.

Above the liquid outer core, the lower mantle glowed many shades of green, tracing ten thousand details of hot, slowly convecting, plasti-crystalline minerals.

In order to maintain the magnetic field against ohmic decay (which would occur for the dipole field in 20,000 years), the outer core must be convecting.

Above a critical concentration, convection is unable to keep the particles suspended, so the particles settle, leaving behind a layer of convecting fluid virtually free of particles.

The gas above the wall responded - like a pan of water heated from below - by convecting, with hot material rising and dragging down cooler material from above.

On Earth, huge upwellings of molten lava are known and attributed to superplumes convecting up from the deep mantle and generating vast plateaus of frozen basalt.

Experimental and theoretical studies of convecting suspensions heated from below show, however, that settling can occur at the base of a suspension even if the convection maintains a uniform concentration.

Often near the margins of a magma chamber which is convecting, cooler and more viscous layers form concentrically from the outside in, defined by breaks in viscosity and temperature.

Forearcs have the lowest heatflow from the interior Earth because there is no asthenosphere (convecting mantle) between the forearc lithosphere and the cold subducting plate.

However, these low-density regions move upwards in a mobile, convecting mantle, elevating density interfaces such as the core-mantle boundary, 440 and 670 kilometer discontinuities, and the Earth's surface.

The main weakness is quite simple: a real greenhouse has a roof that stops the hot air inside from convecting upward and being replaced by cooler air circulating down from above.

Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice.

These are thought to be caused by a narrow stream of hot mantle convecting up the Earth's core-mantle boundary called a mantle plume, although some geologists prefer upper-mantle convection as a cause.

This results in the open field lines convecting polewards under the magnetic 'tension' force, and in doing so they accelerate the magnetosheath ions that flow along them and cross the magnetopause.

Deep beneath the Slope, there plunges a great sheet of heavier stone ... an oceanic plate, shoving hard against the continent and then diving deeper still, dragging eons-old basalt down to rejoin slowly convecting mantle layers.

Nu is equal to 1 when the fluid is at rest and greater than 1 when it is convecting (Section 22.1), and it is apparent that the onset of motion occurs close to the predicted value of Ra.

NASA's Lau has proposed that as the aerosol particles rise on the warm, convecting air, they produce more rain over northern India and the Himalayan foothill, which further warms the atmosphere and fuels a "heat pump" that draws yet more warm air to the region.

A sharp flame-tip on one spot will force first boiling in the beaker just over that spot, and a stream of medium-small boiling bubbles will stream upwards from that spot, while the rest of the liquid is slightly cooled by convecting downwards past the uninsulated walls of the beaker.