constellation diagram

Constellation diagram used to examine the modulation in signal space (not time).

This point should correspond to a location in the modulation constellation diagram.

Like many digital modulation schemes, the constellation diagram is a useful representation.

In the constellation diagram shown on the right, it can be seen that this will limit the phase-shift to no more than 90 at a time.

A convenient way to represent PSK schemes is on a constellation diagram.

QPSK uses four points on the constellation diagram, equispaced around a circle.

In a digital modulation method, the and signals of each modulation symbol are evident from the constellation diagram.

Assume that the constellation diagram positions the symbols at 1 (which is BPSK).

Writing the symbols in the constellation diagram in terms of the sine and cosine waves used to transmit them:

(QAM uses a two-dimensional constellation diagram).

Constellation diagram, which shows (on a graph or 2D oscilloscope image) how a given signal state (a symbol) can represent three or more bits at once.

The first rectangular QAM constellation usually encountered is 16-QAM, the constellation diagram for which is shown here.

A constellation diagram represents a signal modulated by a digital modulation scheme such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying.

His constellation diagrams were adopted widely and now appear in many astronomy guides, such as Menzel's A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets.

Rey invented a new set of constellation diagrams that could be seen as cartoonish depictions of the creature or character the constellations was supposed to represent-- or, at least, were memorable.

Since almost all constellation diagrams rely on complex numbers however, this property usually gives Alamouti's code a significant advantage over the higher-order STBCs even though they achieve a better error-rate performance.

Note that the signal-space points for BPSK do not need to split the symbol (bit) energy over the two carriers in the scheme shown in the BPSK constellation diagram.

Typical vector signal analyzer displays feature the spectrum of the signal measured within the IF bandwidth, a constellation diagram of the demodulated signal, error vector magnitude measurements, and a time domain plot of the signal.

Most popular modulation schemes can be described by showing each point on a constellation diagram, although a few modulation schemes (such as MFSK, DTMF, pulse-position modulation, spread spectrum modulation) require a different description.

For example, in a digital modulation scheme such as quadrature amplitude modulation where data is typically transmitted in symbol rate of 4 bits or more, the signal's constellation diagram is arranged so that the bit patterns conveyed by adjacent constellation points differ by only one bit.