anoikis

However, metastatic tumor cells may escape from anoikis and invade other organs.

The mechanism by which invading tumor cells survive the anoikis process remains largely unknown.

Loss of contact with substratum triggers apoptosis in many normal cell types, a phenomenon termed anoikis.

When cells are detached from the ECM, i.e. there is a loss of normal cell-matrix interactions, they may undergo anoikis.

This is in contrast to most epithelial cells which undergo anoikis, i.e., apoptotic cell death after the disruption of cell-matrix interactions [ 45 ] .

It seems that TrkB could make tumor cells resistant to anoikis by activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade.

The absence of anoikis in our two cell lines may reflect inherent cell type specific differences, i.e., the superior ability of fibroblasts to survive under suspension culture conditions.

Sherman MP, Petrak K. Lactoferrin-enhanced anoikis: A defense against neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.

Using a novel high-throughput screening assay, Mawji et al. showed that anisomycin can sensitize metastatic epithelial cells to anoikis and reduce circulating tumor cell implantation in vivo.

ANGPTL4 contributed to tumor growth and protected cells from anoikis, a form of programmed cell death induced when contact-dependent cells detach from the surrounding tissue matrix.

Other forms of programmed cell death include anoikis, almost identical to apoptosis except in its induction; cornification, a form of cell death exclusive to the eyes; excitotoxicity and Wallerian degeneration.

In mammalian cells these include cell motility (through regulation of the actin cytoskeleton), gene transcription, endocytosis, neurite outgrowth, protection from anoikis and regulation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase.

It is of interest that some anchorage-independent tumor cells, most of which are of epitheloid origin, become susceptible to anoikis after the introduction of exogenous PTEN [ 23 34 35 36 ] .

In squamous cell carcinoma, researchers have found that anoikis resistance can be induced through hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activating BOTH extracellular signalling-receptor kinase (ERK) and PI3K.

Reintroduction of PTEN in a variety of cancer cells, including glioma, breast, bladder and ovarian cancer cells, causes G1 arrest, inhibits tumorigenesis, and promotes anoikis [ 12 13 14 ] .

Moreover, in human glioma and breast cancer cell lines, the ectopic expression of wild type PTEN leads to anoikis, which is apoptosis initiated by the disruption of cell matrix-interactions [ 23 34 35 36 ] .

In 2007 she re-established Anoikis with performances of Transfiguration of a Shattered Mass in Modena, Padova and Ravenna, supported by Andrew L. Hooker and Stefano Pilia/Pasquale Massaro performing live music onstage to her solo dance.

Given that FLIP is an inhibitor of anoikis, and that reducing FLIP can sensitize metastatic cells to anoikis, Mawji et al. hypothesize that FLIP reduction may be a viable therapeutic strategy against cancer metastasis.