The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by ion pumps in the cell membrane.
For these very low pressures either an ion pump or a getter material is used.
All ion pumps have some sort of trigger or "gating" mechanism.
The preceding symporters are actually other types of ion pumps.
The basic element of the common ion pump is a Penning trap.
Recent work has suggested that species escaping from ion pumps can influence the results of some experiments.
However, in physiology, due to active ion pumps, the inside and outside of a cell are not in equilibrium.
Finally, ion pumps are represented by current sources (I).
The current generated by ion pumps is dependent on the ionic species specific to that pump.
In particular, ion pumps play no significant role in the repolarization of the membrane after an action potential.