Nod factor

Nod factors induce root-hair curling such that it envelops the bacterium.

Legumes release compounds called flavonoids from their roots, which trigger the production of nod factors by the bacteria.

The expression of these genes results in the production of enzymes called Nod factors that initiate root hair curling.

They discovered that plant root hair cells show rapid ionic changes including calcium spiking in response to specific Nod Factors.

Interestingly, at least three plant genes which are stimulated by Nod factors are also involved in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

The addition of certain Nod factors enhances arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, indicating that the two very different symbioses may share some common mechanisms.

These compounds attract S. meliloti to the surface of the root hairs of the plant where the bacteria begin secreting nod factor.

The number of N-acetylglucosamine molecules vary among Nod factors; however, generally the length of a chitin backbone is from 3 to 5.

The exact chemical structure of the Nod factor that is recognised by the plant varies between bacterial species and is the basis for host-symbiont specificity.

They proved that some nod genes encode enzymes that synthesize Nod Factor.

It is possible that root-knot nematodes have adapted a portion of Nod factor biology to the induction of feeding sites, rather than nodules, in plants.

Nod factors are recognized by a specific class of receptor kinases that have so-called LysM domains in their extracellular domains.

Nod factors act by inducing changes in gene expression in the legume, most notable the nodulin genes, which are needed for nodule organogenesis.

The singles "The Nod Factor" and "Move Ya Body" received moderate radio and video airplay.

Nod factors are a rhizobial species-specific family of lipo-chito-oligosaccharides which function in signal exchange between the bacterium and its symbiotic partner plant [ 38 ] .

These chemicals induce the formation of NodD, which in turn activates other genes involved in the expression of nod factors and their secretion into the soil.

Molecules similar to Nod factors were isolated from AM fungi and were shown to induce MtEnod11, lateral root formation and enhance mycorrhization.

This protein encodes an N -acetyltransferase previously thought to be present only in rhizobia [ 37 ] , where it functions in the biosynthesis of Nod factor.

Nod factors structurally are lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) that consist of an acylated chitin oligomeric backbone with various functional group substitutions at the terminal or non-terminal residues.

Flavonoids trigger the secretion of nod factors, which in turn are recognized by the host plant and can lead to root hair deformation and several cellular responses, such as ion fluxes.

Recently, a Bradyrhizobium strain was discovered to form nodules in Aeschynomene without producing nod factors, suggesting the existence of alternative communication signals other than nod factors.

Nod factor is responsible for the induction of nodules in nitrogen-fixing plants and nodL has an essential role in Nod factor biosynthesis [ 73 ] .

The Nod factor receptor proteins NFR1 and NFR5 were cloned from several legumes including Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and soybean (Glycine max).

The two LysM (lysin motif) receptor kinases (NFR1 and NFR5) that appear to make up the Nod factor receptor were first isolated in the model legume Lotus japonicus in 2003.

No equivalent of the rhizobial Nod factors have been found, but several genes known to participate in the formation and functioning of Legume nodules (coding for heamoglobin and other nodulins) are also found in actinorhizal plants where they are supposed to play similar roles.