Lambert's cosine law

They emit radiation in perfect accord with Lambert's cosine law.

This is expressed by saying that radiation from the surface of a black body in thermodynamic equilibrium obeys Lambert's cosine law.

Surface normals are commonly used in 3D computer graphics for lighting calculations; see Lambert's cosine law.

Lambertian Emitter - a light source whose radiance is according to Lambert's cosine law.

More technically, the surface's luminance is isotropic, and the luminous intensity obeys Lambert's cosine law.

Many diffuse reflectors are described or can be approximated by Lambert's cosine law, which describes surfaces that have equal luminance when viewed from any angle.

Importance Sampling is used to match ray density to Lambert's Cosine law, and also used to match BRDFs.

The amount of radiant heat received is related to the location latitude, altitude, cloud cover, and seasonal / hourly angle of incidence (see Sun path and Lambert's cosine law).

In this region, the relation of its regular transmittance to diffuse transmittance is negligibly small, so light transmitted through a diffuser (PTFE sheet) radiates like Lambert's cosine law.

One common model for diffuse reflection is Lambertian reflectance, in which the light is reflected with equal luminance (in photometry) or radiance (in radiometry) in all directions, as defined by Lambert's cosine law.

On a cropped sensor format, once the ring is removed, "natural vignetting" due to Lambert's cosine law occurs at shorter focal lengths, but is less pronounced at the higher focal lengths in the lens' range.

The normal can be used to determine a surface's orientation toward a light source for flat shading using Lambert's cosine law, or the orientation of each of the vertices to mimic a curved surface with Phong shading.

Lambert's cosine law in its reversed form (Lambertian reflection) implies that the apparent brightness of a Lambertian surface is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the surface normal and the direction of the incident light.

Since the radiance is isotropic (i.e. independent of direction), the power emitted at an angle to the normal is proportional to the projected area, and therefore to the cosine of that angle as per Lambert's cosine law, and is unpolarized.

In optics, Lambert's cosine law says that the radiant intensity or luminous intensity observed from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the observer's line of sight and the surface normal.