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In the 1900s, the Gladstone-Dale relation was applied to glass, synthetic crystals and minerals.
The refraction also depends on composition, and can be calculated using the Gladstone-Dale relation.
Recent data shows the Gladstone-Dale relation compatibility of Warikahnite is ranked as superior (-0.010).
Teertstra D. K. (2008a): "Photon refraction in dielectric crystals using a modified Gladstone-Dale relation".
The refractive index of a substance can be related to its polarizability with the Lorentz-Lorenz equation or to the molar refractivities of its constituents by the Gladstone-Dale relation.
Background-oriented schlieren (BOS) is a novel technique for flow visualization of density gradients in fluids using the Gladstone-Dale relation between density and refractive index of the fluid.
The Gladstone-Dale relation requires a particle model of light because the continuous wave-front required by wave theory cannot be maintained if light encounters atoms or molecules that maintain a local electric structure with a characteristic refractivity.
To calculate the optical properties of materials using the polarizability or refractivity volumes in nm, the Gladstone-Dale relation competes with the Kramers-Kronig relation and Lorentz-Lorenz relation but differs in optical theory (Jaffe 1988).
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